Essay The Father of Existentialism Soren Kierkegaard

During the late 19th and 20th centuries, several philosophers debated on the doctrine differences that all philosophical thinking begin with the human in terms of thinking, acting and feeling. The fundamental concepts of the externalist philosophers are that they believed that the existence of human conditions is the main problem to share similar ontology. Soren Kierkegaard is considered to be the father of existentialism. Although, he did not use the word ‘existentialism’, but initially the concept that no society or religion is the main cause that leads an individual to live a life with sincerity or passionately. It is perhaps his own beliefs and feeling that makes him to feel that way (Wartenberg). Similarly, Martin Buber (1878-1965) is†¦show more content†¦Human’s feelings and conditions can only be overcome by having total faith and commitment within oneself and god. Similarly, Buber states faith in a manner that if an individual views an object acco rding to its usefulness, then he is dutiful to ensure that that he is available in every circumstance with openness and ethical engagement. He states that an individual can see God with two aspects that is I-it that is to de-attach him from others and get adopt the utilitarian approach in which everyone makes use of each other. On the contrary, there is a I-Thou relationship in which one is engaged with other with total openness, equality and faithfulness or total presentence. Every individual is available for each other and takes honor and pride to help others not just for personal usefulness but also for the sake of others. As Kierkegaard states God is attained through the total faith that is to behave ethically with the regular enactment with the religion institutes with a commitment (Stewart, 2011). Buber in a similar way suggest that God is visible if individuals are available to each other with a pure dedication that is the total presentness as he states, ‘Meet the world with the fullness off your being and you shall meet God(Stewart, 2011)†. He stated that God interacts with the people with objects and other human beings that He sends in their life. The more a person practice openness with the others, the more he is able to see the God.Show MoreRelatedSoren Kierkegaard Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesProject: Soren Kierkegaard: Mega Mind of the 19th Century Soren Kierkegaard: Mega Mind of the 19th Century As a man whose work spans across areas such as philosophy, theology, devotional literature, and more, Soren Kierkegaard is considered one of the mega-minds of philosophy and the 19th century. He was influenced by many people throughout his life, as well as influencing many people himself. With works that ranged from religious views all the way to developing a â€Å"new† way to view our surroundingsRead MoreExistentialism : A Philosophical Movement907 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The existential attitude begins with a disoriented individual facing a confused world that the cannot accept† - Robert Solomon Existentialism is best considered a philosophical movement established after World War II. People in this movement examined the problem of life for human beings. Each existentialist believes that life is absurd and has no meaning. Their common concern was with the â€Å"human condition†. Existentialists have differing evaluations of the human condition but all of them believeRead MoreThe Vienna Circle, By Rudolph Carnap And Kurt Godel992 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves to assess the truth only in terms of empirical verifiability, or logical of language, which lead philosophy a path interesting. This is called either, â€Å"Logical Positivism† or â€Å"Empirical Positivism†. 7- Articulate the main themes found in existentialism. We can affirm that all existentialists have in common the doctrine that existence precedes essence, and this is the main idea. This thinking suggests that the most important thing for people is that we are conscious beings (existence) thatRead MoreThe Comparable And Contrastable Philosophies Of Kierkegaard And Kant Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophies of Kierkegaard and Kant In this paper, I will investigate the comparable and contrasting views of Soren Kierkegaard and Immanuel Kant. Their extraordinary journeys towards the meaning of morality and ethics is riveting, spiritual, universal, and in many ways, incredibly different. My conclusion is that though there are aspects which bind their theories together, ultimately both men possess different understandings of what morality is and how an individual ought to be moral. Kierkegaard, whileRead MoreWhat is Diapsalmata?1230 Words   |  5 PagesCynicism and Despair Soren Kierkegaard’s approach to writing Either/Or may be one of the most fascinating, clever, genius, and complex pieces I have ever had the pleasure of reading. The first of his many works published pseudonymously, Either/Or studies the first two of Kierkegaard’s three stages of existential living--aesthetic and ethical. By writing under four pseudonyms throughout the two volumes, Kierkegaard removes his personal beliefs and allows the reader to make their own choice on theRead MoreEssay on Kierkegaards View on Faith1045 Words   |  5 PagesKierkegaards View on Faith Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher in the mid 1800s. He is known to be the father of existentialism and was at least 70 years ahead of his time. Kierkegaard set out to attack Kant’s rational ethics and make attacks on the Christianity of our day. He poses the question, how do we understand faith? He states that faith equals the absurd. In â€Å"Fear and Trembling†, he uses the story of Abraham and his son Isaac to show an example of faith as the absurd. The story ofRead MoreThe Philosophical Community As The Father Of Existentialism787 Words   |  4 PagesSoren Kierkegaard is known, almost universally, in the philosophical community as the Father of Existentialism. His works all seek to answer a fundamental question of existence, one that plagued humanity since the times of Aristotle and beyond; How should we life our lives? More specifically in his publication, Either/Or, Kierkegaard introduces two life philosophies, one of the aesthetic and one of the ethic. Thes e viewpoints, argued and symbolized by two characters, â€Å"A†, and Judge Wilhelm. KierkegaardRead MoreDefinition Of Capitalism By Karl Marx1155 Words   |  5 PagesMark believes that there was a possibility that the working class would revolt once they realized the extent of the unfair system. Question 8 of 10 Kierkegaard said, â€Å"truth is subjective† what did he mean by this statement? Soren Kierkegaard is universally believed to have been the father of existentialism. Existentialism is the philosophical approach that emphasizes a person as a free and responsible agent that has the ability to determine their own development through acts of theirRead MoreHamlet: An Existential Tragedy1878 Words   |  8 Pageslife ensues, the notion of existentialism has been birthed to help individuals understand what their life’s meaning is. Although recently fathomed, this philosophy can be seen across a wide array of literary works that astonishingly predates the conception of existentialism itself. Individuals can identify specific elements that they empathize with and that inexplicably creates a cathartic moment in which the writer anticipates. More importantly, the idea of existentialism is seen in almost all ofRead MoreExistentialism And How This Philosophical Theory Has Developed Over The Years1443 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: In this paper we hope to discuss existentialism and how this philosophical theory has developed over the years. After World War 2, this theory became increasingly popular and some of the great philosophers such as Freidrich Nietzsche, Soren Kierkegaard can be said to be the founders of this theory although they, in their lifetime, never accepted this. Therefore they are sometimes called precursors of this movement. Other major philosophers like Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin

Why Secondary Kids Act in a Laddish Behaviour Free Essays

Context and concepts Paul Willis conducted a study called â€Å"Learning to labour† in 1977 in which he studied 12 working class students in their last 18 months at a school in the West-Midlands, the methods he used were observation and participant observation. The boys he studied were known as the â€Å"lads†. These boys knew what they needed to do in order to achieve and get qualifications but instead they chose to reject school and developed laddish behaviour, because they believed that education was unmasculine and uncool and that they would get a job even if they didn’t have any qualifications. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Secondary Kids Act in a Laddish Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now They thought that manual labour was more worthy than work at a desk or an office. This is where my first concept â€Å"laddism† stems from. This is a male script of toughness which is characterised by negative feelings towards school. Willis found that there were two types of pupils in the class, the â€Å"earoles† who commit themselves to their education and the lads who took little notice of school rules, teachers and work, instead they thought school was all about having a â€Å"laff†. These are all coping strategies the boys had developed in order to cope and minimize the boredom of school and the future routine based jobs they would ultimately end up in. The boys thought that manual labour was more worthy than work at a desk or office. Mitsos and Brown also looked at why boys underachieve in education and thought it was mainly due to what teachers expected of them, which leads me to my second concept â€Å"teacher expectations†. They found that teachers tend to be less strict with boys, expecting low standards of work from them, leading them to underachieve as they failed to push them to achieve their full potential. This also means that the boys started to become overconfident and also started to overestimate their abilities to do something and so making themselves believe that they don’t need to work as hard in order to gain qualifications. Boys were also more likely to be sent out of the classroom or get expelled (80% are boys) from school than girls, which means they lose valuable school time. Another reason for their underachieve could be due to the decline in manual labour, which has resulted in them losing their motivation as they see little point ion education as it wont lead them to the type of job they seek. The lack of opportunities for these young men has given them a low self-esteem. It is these problems which have lead to an â€Å"identity crisis for menâ€Å". As there is a rise in the more â€Å"female† jobs and a decline in the more traditional â€Å"male† jobs, the future of some males look bleak as they lack a clear purpose. On the other hand according to Hargreaves et al the underachievement of boys in education may be due to the way the pupils are perceived by the teachers. Hargreaves at al analysed the processes that led to pupils being classified, and they put forward three stages which are: ? Speculation- this is where the teachers make presumptions about the type of pupils they are dealing with, this leads to the formation of a hypothesis. ? Elaboration- It is here that the established hypothesis is either gradually confirmed or rejected. ? Stabilisation- when this stage is reached the teacher will feel like that they are familiar with the type of pupil they are dealing with. It is this third stage of stabilisation, where the behaviour of the pupil is compared against the type of pupil they are thought to be. If some pupils are regarded as being badly behaved, then it will be hard for their good behaviour to be seen, which is the â€Å"labelling theory†. Nevertheless it is the predictions made by the teacher that has lead to the â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy†, where the pupils start to live up to the predictions that the teacher have made about them, which is my fourth concept. So if a teacher labels pupils as being bright and expects a higher standard of work from them then these pupils will start to believe they are indeed bright and as a result work hard and obtain good examination results. Thus the actions of pupils are partly a refection of what teacher expect from them. Sociologists Rosenthal and Jacobson decided to carry out an experiment which lasted over a year, which was designed to test the â€Å"labelling† and â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy† theories and how they affected educational achievement . They conducted their study in an elementary school were they selected 20% of the students, whom they expected to show rapid academic growth. In order to prove this they tested the IQ of the pupils before and one year after the experiment started and the selected pupils had gained IQ. Rosenthal and Jacobson explained that this was due to the teacher conveying the message that the selected sample had more potential than the rest. This led to the sample believing that they were capable of achieving highly and live up to the label they were given and subsequently led to the self-fulfilling prophecy. Main research methods and reasons The main method of research that would be most suited to my topic is non-participant observation in a classroom. Paul Willis also used non-participant observation when he was conducting his research in order to see boys behave in a â€Å"laddish† way. I will take up an iinterpretivist approach like Willis, where I will collect my qualitative data rather than quantitive data. This type of research method could help me explore the concepts of â€Å"teacher’s expectations†, as teachers can show different attitudes to the two opposite sexes which could lead to underachievement and form â€Å"laddish† behaviour. While observing I will be looking out for signs of â€Å"laddish† behaviour and levels of standards that are set by the teacher and if this affects the amount of work that is produced by the pupils. For example teachers tend to be less strict with boys and they tolerate low standards of work from them, which leads to them overestimating their abilities and they become overconfident and not work hard enough in order to achieve highly, which links to my second concept of â€Å"teacher’s expectations† Before I operationalise my research method I will need to design an observational framework that meets the needs of my research and that corresponds to my contextual studies. It will also help me to be consistent in what I observe. The things that I will need to look out for are: they way that the pupils are seated, the amount of times that the lesson has been stopped due to disturbance and if this was mostly from boys, and how the badly behaved pupils react to the good kids, do they bully them? Also I will be looking at the way that the boys contribute to the lessons, are they keen to learn? This will show that the boys are behaving in a â€Å"laddish† way, which operationalises my first concept. However before I officially observe the classes I will conduct a pilot study in which I will test the efficiency of my observational framework. In this research I will be observing four English classes all in year 11. all four classes will be observed in the second period of the morning through the week, as pupils tend to be more focused in the morning on a Monday compare to a morning on a Friday. Before I can observe a class I will need to gain permission from the subject teacher. Then I will enter the classroom before the pupils get there and sit somewhere unobtrusive where hopefully students will not pay too much attention to me, which would also improve my data. Whilst observing the class I might also come across situations where issues of confidentiality are raised. Potential problems Potential problems that could be met while conducting my research are that the behaviour of some pupils and teachers might change as the sense the presence of a stranger in the classroom. This could mean that I will not be obtaining accurate or valid data to show why boys are underachieving in education. The data obtained will be qualitative which means that I will not be able generalise the findings to the wider society, which means that my study will lack ecological validity. Another problem could be getting the permission to observe these classes, the teacher might not be comfortable with the fact that I will be observing their class while they are teaching and so refuse me access, leaving me with no data. Also there might be timetabling issues, which means that I may not be able to observe the class I intended to, because my timetable might not let me, as I can also have lessons at that particular period of the day. While observing the class I will record my findings on an observational framework and as I am doing this I might miss some crucial events that have taken place while I was recording my data. Due to this I might also end up being biased and focus only on certain events or even add my own interpretations to actions, which means that I will be selective as I am trying to prove a point. During the time I am in the classroom observing I may come across an event that has taken place in my presence which is serious and so automatically I am put in a position where I have to take a certain action which can be: do I report what has happened, or do I keep it to myself as the teacher has allowed into their classroom, do they expect me to be trustworthy? So issues of confidentiality may arise. How to cite Why Secondary Kids Act in a Laddish Behaviour, Papers

Layers of the Earth Essay Example For Students

Layers of the Earth Essay Mankind tried to understand the internal structure and external structure of the earth from the immemorial times. But these theories were more likely related to legends and myths connected with divine intervention, but not with science. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed that the whole heavenly sphere was supported by the goddess of the sky, and the Sun was traveling across the sky in a boat. The inhabitants of ancient Babylon perceived the Earth as a mountain on the slope of which they lived. From the south, it was surrounded by the sea. According to their ideas, a solid sky rests on the sea, along which the sun moves, and under the earth the abyss. At night, the Sun comes down to this abyss and in the morning rises from the east. The first scientific hypothesis is the famous theory about the flat Earth, which has been famous since the times of Mesopotamian culture. The planet was depicted as a flat disk surrounded by the ocean. The Earth from the ancient point of view In ancient culture, in the 6th century BC Greeks tended to round shape, and in 330 BC famous philosopher Aristotle confirmed the idea of  a spherical Earth and gave the first evidence base. Claudius Ptolemy supplemented this evidence base, justifying it by the fact that the mountains are visible from the sea as if protruding from the water, which is possible if they are partially obscured by the water surface. At the same time, interest in geological research, minerals and metals appeared. But the real breakthrough occurred only in the 16-17th centuries. Edmund Halley in 1692 proposed the theory of the the  hollow world. He argued that inside there is a cavity, that is, a certain core whose thickness is 800 km and between these spheres, there is an air gap. In order to avoid the effect of friction, the inner sphere must be held in place by gravity. The model displayed two concentric shells around the core. Then the scientists decided to consider the authenticity of the Bible. It was important for researchers to calculate the real age of the planet and find evidence of the flood. It was here that they began to consider fossils and develop a system for classifying the dating of layers. The main date that becomes crucial in Earth science In 1774, Abraham Werner presented in his writings a detailed system for the identification of certain minerals, based on their external characteristics. In 1741, the first post in geology appeared in the National Museum of Natural History of France. After 10 years, the term geology came into use. In the 1770s In the first place in the studies comes chemical analysis. One of the important tasks was to study places for the presence of liquid floods in the past. In the 1780s scientists developed the theory that the layers were created by fire. According to theory, the planet was formed due to solidification of the molten mass. The followers of this hypothesis were called plutonists. In the 19th century, the industrial revolution greatly influenced geology. Scientists began to realize that the age of minerals can be calculated geologically. In the 20th century, radiometric dating appeared. Then they thought that the planetary age reaches 2 billion years. In 1912, Alfred Wegener put forward the theory of continental drift. That is, once all the continents were one. Later this was confirmed by geological analysis of samples. In the 20th century, seismology, the study of earthquakes and the passage of waves through the Earth were actively developed. That is what helped to understand the composition and get to the core. .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 , .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 .postImageUrl , .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 , .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2:hover , .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2:visited , .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2:active { border:0!important; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2:active , .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2 .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucde19c3720deb2942a84fd9b001a65a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cruelty of Capital Punishment EssayIn 1926, Harold Jeffries declared that the earths core was liquid. And in 1937 the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann discovered the existence of a solid inner core of the Earth. So it was proved that the inner space of the planet is differentiated. That is, the structure is represented by layers. Remove one and get to the next one and each will have its own temperature and chemical composition. Today, the Earth can be divided mechanically or chemically. The first method studies the liquid state. Here appears the lithosphere, the asthenosphere, and the mesosphere, the outer and inner core. But the chemical method, which discovered the crust, the mantle, and the core, became very popular. In the center of the planet is the inner core. It is surrounded by an outer core. Then the mantle is located. Above the mantle is the crust on which we live. The crust is the outermost layer of the earths surface in which living organisms can exist. Its average thickness is only 33 km, while it is thinner under the oceans (from 4 to 20 km) and thicker under the continents (from 20 to 75 km). Accordingly, there are two types of crust continental and oceanic, the structure of which is different. The uppermost part of the crust consists of sedimentary rocks, and remains of animals and plants that have long disappeared are often found in it. Like the mantle, the core consists of two parts: the inner and the outer. The temperature of the inner core reaches 7700 Fahrenheit degree celsius (13892 degrees Fahrenheit), and the external one reaches 6000 degrees Celsius (10832 degrees Fahrenheit). The outer core is liquid, that is, its substance is in a molten state and is the source of the magnetic field of our planet. The hard part of the nucleus as it floats in the outer, liquid layer. Thanks to this movement, a magnetic field arises around the earth. It protects life on our planet from the detrimental effects of cosmic particles, for example, ionized (charged) particles of the solar wind. The diameter of the inner core is small about 1500 km. Very little is known about the core: samples of its substance are inaccessible, and all information is obtained by indirect geophysical or geochemical methods. Thanks to them, it was possible to determine that, most likely, it is hard, as it is under tremendous pressure from the overlying layers. Approximately 85% of the core consists of iron, 10% of nickel, and the remaining 5% is silicon.